Legal Studies – the Family Law Amendment (Shared Responsibility) Act 2006

The Family Law Amendment (Shared Responsibility) Act 2006 commenced on the first of July 2006 assists in the way that separating parents resolve their disputes involving the best interests of their children. This law is still taking time to make an effect on divorcing and separating parents, as sources show that shared custody arrangements or 50:50 joint custody makes little effect on the children involved in these situations. This was achieved through a major study conducted by Bruce Smyth and Bryan Rodgers who showed that children in shared care are no worse off or no better than those who see the other parent every second weekend for example [Source E]. The aim of the legislation was to change the past 1995 reforms as they failed to achieve the desired impact of separating couples [source A]. The act was created also to encourage parents to share the parenting of their children by allowing them to have equal time with both mother and father and also for the major decisions and responsibilities of the children to be distributed evenly. The law was changed because of the various groups who protested against the past regulations the law provided. The changes included the terminology, facilitation of shared parenting time and the concept that the separated parents both retain parental responsibility [Source A]. The new family law process outlined in the Every Picture Tells a Story report also creates an emphasis on parents coming to agreements in a ‘parenting plan’. There was also a proposal to create a ‘Family Tribunal’, which was where the separating parents could work their issues with consultation and counseling without the invasive use of the courts. The government also put forward $400 million to be spent on 65 family relationship centres for counseling couples [Source B]. Groups who have been against the Family Law Amendment are law academics, judges, women’s legal services, and single mother groups, [source D] because of the issue of abuse from their spouses after the separation. The act sets out that parents are to share the responsibility of the children between them, with the exclusion of abusive spouses. This therefore results in parents having to consult each other about their children’s education, religious and cultural upbringing, health, change of name, and also place of residence [Source A]. Also included in the act is that counseling would be offered to parents in assisting them to reach an agreement between both parties, and child support doesn’t have to be given until six weeks after the parents have separated. The Act only previously allowing grandparents contact through applications however rights have been elevated and the relationship between the children and grandparents are taken directly into consideration when making the arrangements in the parenting plan. The presumption of equal shared responsibility in the amendment means that both parents have an equal role in making decisions about the major choices involving the children; for example what school they will attend. The presumption however does not apply to a parent who has engaged in any abuse, violence or neglect towards the child, and was not included in the previous Act. With this the Act strives to provide the parents with equal shared responsibility which means the child spends a reasonably even amount of time with each parent (if it is in the best interest of the child). The main issue of the legislation is the increase in funding necessary for the Act to go ahead, as the proposals put forward for the committee, family centres, and other programs require a great deal of money to be established. Tax payers are forced to contribute more so that these can be provided, however in saying this establishing the inquisitorial tribunal creates a more level playing field for separating partners, particularly if one party cannot afford private legal representation [Source A]. In excluding legal representation, which is what happens in this process, creates a lesser need for lawyers to be involved in family matters, therefore those representing families will no longer be needed. According to the National Association of Community Legal Centres they suggest that the new family law and processes â€Å"may be harmful to children† [Source B]. Compulsory mediation may force separated parents to communicate and associate with their former abusive partners, who may blackmail or force that parent to agree to an arrangement that benefits the abuser. This leads to a lifetime of fear and anticipation of more abusive from the former partner. According to the legislation, if a report or suspicion of abuse has arisen, the mediation will not go forward nor will it agree to unsafe parenting arrangements. While some children benefit from the equal shared parenting arrangements, it doesn’t mean that some are better or worse off than others. Joint physical custody has been found to be workable only in a minority of separations where parents have freely chosen the arrangement. The cases in which the shared parenting has generally worked is when there is no record of abuse or conflict and when there is commitment from both parents. [Source C]. Throughout this whole process the mediation is voluntary, and can stop at any time as the couples wish. The parties have access to legal advice, either during the mediation or before signing any mediated agreement [Source B]. There are many financial problems with this Act, as separated parents have to pay for the children independently and cannot find stability with their finances in order to pay for schooling, health and so forth. There is also the major issue that is domestic violence. The Act reinforced a fine for making false allegations about abuse and therefore some parents were pressured into making parental agreements that involved the abuser. This also made some victims too scared to tell courts about abuse or violence directed at their children [Source F]. This law is affective, however could be revised in order to benefit the parents. The financial problems that are caused by this law are unavoidable for some families, as one parent or both may struggle to afford to make ends meet. The court could evaluate each parent’s financial status and the ability of them to be economically safe in order to enable them to be able to raise the children effectively. However in saying this, the court should not take children off one parent if they are not capable to pay for the child, especially if the other parent is reportedly an abuser. Abusive parents should be constantly monitored whilst mediating with the other parent (if the victim wants mediation) and the child should have a say in which parent they think is able to look after them. Abusive spouses should not be allowed any contact with the victim while proceedings are happening, so that they do not coerce the other parent into an unfair parenting agreement. The abused parent should also be supervised during this period so that it is seen that they are not influenced or blackmailed by the abuser. The Act should focus more on the child’s need than the parents. While both parents have equal shared responsibility, the child should be involved in the parenting agreements and have a fair say in what happens to them. It is argued that the Act focuses more on the parent’s rights than the children’s needs, and that the reforms favor fathers more than mothers [Source F]. In conclusion, it is believed that the Act is not effective however has improved the rights of equal responsibility between parents. It is said that shared care is proving successful for many parents, [Source E] however parents are the only beneficiaries from this because the arrangement aids them more than the child, as the Act is more in the parents favor than the children’s. The Act should be revaluated so that it is beneficial to all parties.

Widowhood Case Study

A quick review of the case study suggests the following central issues: The impact that a chronic illness has on a marital relationship, and the burdens of taking care of the spouse, the initial stages of grief and bereavement after their passing, the transition from having a long term partner, to widowhood, and the likely outcomes that the subject will experience during her transition from married, to widowhood, to single-hood. Impact of Chronic Illness on Marital Relationships Chronic illness in anyone family can have many impacts, not only on the person who is ill, but on the family and care givers as well. More importantly, it can affect children and spouses’ emotionally and physically. In Clara’s case, there is a very high possibility that her relationship with her husband experienced a considerable change in relationship and sexual satisfaction. There have been studies done in the past that state, â€Å"Although spouses of chronic pain patients showed no more physical symptoms than spouses of diabetics, they reported significantly more pain symptoms that were related to elevated levels of depressed mood. † (Herta Florb, 2002) The depression felt because of her husbands chronic illness, is likely the reason why she pulled away from her family, and friends. She likely did not want them to see her in that state, and wanted them to think that she was strong, and could handle it. However, other parts of the studies have indicated that â€Å"not only is chronic pain associated with problems in the marital relationship but heightened distress and physical symptoms in spouses as well. † (Herta Florb, 2002) The effects are not so much the reality of a chronic pain problem, but instead a manner for paitents and spouses to cope with the situation. Burdens of care giving and the initial stages of grief and bereavement This leads us to the topic of the burden of caregiving. There is a large impact on ones emotional and physical well being. Women’s greater focus on the emotional side of the caring relationship and on reaching standards of what they consider good care, †¦this is â€Å"not to be confused with how much a spouse cares about her partner† (Connidis, 2010, p. 88). In the case of Clara, there is an assumption that she cared deeply for her husband, but was focused on his needs, and taking care of him, and this may have put great strain, on their marriage, because she may have felt a sense of disdain in the final days of her husbands life. Possibly blamed him for her being out of touch with her family, and friends, and not having circle of people around her to help take care of her during the initial stages of grief and bereavement once her husband passes. There are generally 5 main stages of grief that someone feels when dealing with a loss, however when going through a loss as large as that of a spouse, it is more likely that one will go through each stage in a more defined way. Shortly after the death, there is the Numbness & denial – this is the feeling of shock and disbelief. Even though in Clara’s case she knew that this day would come, she still likely will have gone through this stage. The next stage is yearning & anger – this happens when the main shock has worn off, and one would long for the lost loved one, and one may even feel a sense of anger and thinking that there could have been something more that coul dhave been done. Next comes emotional despair & sadness- this is mostly a long period of tru bereavement. The point when the reality that that person, in this case Clara’s husband is truly gone. This brings one to the reorganization stage – this is when the widow will earn how to deal with practical businss of living, without your loved one at your side. This is also when the sun may start to shine a little more each day in ones life, and also a time when outside sources of support will likely be reeived with open arms. Lastly is the stage of letting go & moving on. This is often when the sadness starts to fade into the background, and new interests take on importance. Experience of widowhood In the case of Clara, widowhood was not likely sudden, as it often is for elderly people. She acted as a caregiver for her husband who had a chronic illness, and likely was warned by doctors, family, and friends, to prepare her for his passing. Since Clara was restricted, from family and friends, by caring for her husband, she was likely the sole caregiver, her husband’s passing although saddening, may also have been seen by her as relief. â€Å"Caring for a departed spouse allows some widowed persons to anticipate their loss and to feel some relief in their death† (Connidis, 2010, p. 106). This relief may be seen as the beginning of her transition to single life. Transition into widowhood Becoming widowed can be a difficult and sometimes devastating life transition. â€Å"Because women remain much more likely than men to be widowed, widowhood is often considered a women’s issue,† (Connidis, 2010, p. 108). Based on psychological studeies that have been done, the initial stage of bereavment, can last anywhere from two to four years. This is generally seen as a period of mourning, and can be â€Å"characterized initlaly by profound psychological disorganization† (Connidis, 2010, p. 08) Often times, and possibly in Clara’s case, this is also an opportunity to rebuild relationships that may have been hindered during the state of spousal care, by leaning on family and friends during the emotional pain, grief, and loss, as well as slowly taking part in groups of people who had experienced similar transitions in their lives. A great defenition given by a widow is this: â€Å"Joan Didion (2005) describes the year after her husband’s death as one of magical thinking during which she felt invisible and understood only by others who were in the same situation. † (Connidis, 2010, P. 09) Outcomes Clara like other widows and widowers will experience a great influx of emotions and changes after the passing of her husband. Based on conversations that I personally have had with counselors who focus on loss, they encourage people to broaden their social circles again, once they have come out of the fog of the loss of their loved one. In many cases, family and â€Å"friends emerge as important network members in widowhood†¦widows are more likely than the married to consider a friend both a confidant and a companion, and friends occupy a larger portion of these networks among widowed persons. (Connidis, 2010, p. 114) As for Clara, perhaps her and her husband had children that had pulled away because of the long term illness of their dad and they may now be spending more time with their mother. If children are in the picture, Clara now has time to spend with her grandchildren perhaps. She may go out and join social groups, such as knitting circles, church groups, exercise groups for seniors, or even take on a volunteering position. These are all acts to assist her in getting out of the house. Assuming that Clara is now living in a large house all alone, perhaps she will move into a facility for seniors, where she can have her own apartment type living quarters, but also where there are activities that she can partake in with other widows, and widowers. Often when a parent becomes widowed, they will take up residence with the children; this will often be seen as â€Å"the parent helping the child out†, not the other way around. In Clara’s case, because she lives far away from her family, there is a high possibility that she will sell the home that her and her husband had resided in, and re locate so that she can be closer to her family. This will allow her to reconnect with her children, and grandchildren. This may however be a very hard move for her to endure, as she will be leaving behind friends that she may have had where her and her husband had lived. However, moving to a new place, with new people, and new activities will act as a fresh start for Clara. This could be a while new life for her to live, even at the age of 80. Many people still have lots of gumption in them, at that age, and are still looking for companionship, and to be loved. As can be found on a website for seniors, â€Å"The sex need to some people is romance, companionship, and closeness–often the need for actual sex is quite minimal. In other people the need is quite strong. When we lose our spouse, we lose our sexual partner and our feelings can be anything from the desire to shun sex for the rest of our lives to powerful needs, and anything in-between. Sexual feelings after being widowed are quite common and the feelings should not make us feel guilty† (Diehm, 2000) In closing, nothing can prepare anyone for the shock and grief of widowhood, even when we know it is impending. One of the myths of mourning is that is has an ending point, and that if we wait long enough, it will stop hurting. Unfortunately it doesn’t. As we have discussed in this paper, it is important to work through the various phases of grief and it will eventually get better, and we no longer allow it to paralyze us. The important thing is to live our lives to the fullest, and enjoy each day knowing that the person we have lost is with us in our hearts, enjoying each day that we live in their memory.

An Analysis of Eudora Weltys A Worn Path Essay - 865 Words

A Worn Path – An Analysis The short story A Worn Path by Eudora Welty, is a descriptive story of a grandmothers difficult journey, for a grandson she loves. Her devotion to her grandson and wanting to provide him with a better lifestyle, was her motivation to overcome these trials. On this trip, Phoenix Jackson, the grandmother, struggles against old age, nature, and reality. Phoenix Jackson was certainly a dedicated old lady. She refused to give up, despite the odds against her, to help her grandson. Her grandson was very sick, and needed certain medication to live. After traveling miles through wilderness, barbed wire, thorn bushes, and being confronted by a white man with a gun, she still persisted on her†¦show more content†¦She expresses her joy in accomplishing this feat by saying, I wasnt as old as I thought(213). The reader may notice that throughout the book Phoenix Jackson is referred to as Old Phoenix, Old being in capital letters suggest that its more than just an adjective describing her but rather a part of her. Even when she arrives into town, she needs another ladies assistance in tying her shoes, because she cannot do it herself. And the struggle continues, as even when shes at the hospital, she forgets the reason for her journey momentarily. Along with struggling against her old age Phoenix Jackson had many elements of nature holding her back from helping her grandson. She had to travel very far to reach the hospital for his medicine. On her way she encountered many elements of wildlife, of which she scared out of her path. Her dress was constantly caught in the brush and was in danger of being ruined as she passed a barbed wire fence. This also took place during Christmas time when it more than likely was extremely cold out side. But Phoenixs desire to help her grandson, and save his life, while also preserving some life of her own, helped her strive in completing this trip. When one thinks about the reasoning for this journey, many conclusions can be made. From the content provided in the story and the readers knowledge of the time period it was written in, we know that this was during a period of time when it wasShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Eudora Weltys A Worn Path905 Words   |  4 Pagespeople to go out of their way, and when they have nothing left, it makes them continue. On the other hand, it may be to overcoming that it blinds the person, and he or she does not know the full consist of the situations he or she is in. In Eudora Weltys A Worn Path, Phoenix Jackson is perceived as determined and loving due to her actions, yet at the same time, she seems innocent and at loss of the situation she is in. Thought the story, Jackson is portrayed as being a determined person. Many obstaclesRead MoreSymbolic Source In A Worn Path by Eudora Welty1287 Words   |  6 Pagesexample the colors white, red and blue symbolize freedom in the United States, it also represents the United States flag. Symbols are also used in movies like the hunger games catching fire; their symbol is a mocking bird with an arrow on it. A Worn Path is about a long walk through the woods an old lady named Phoenix Jackson has to go through every time her grandson runs out of medicine. A long time ago her grandson swallowed lye that ruined his throat, the medicine is the only thing that relivesRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of A Worn Path1221 Words   |  5 PagesOvercoming Obstacles: A Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Worn Path† Thesis: â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty is one of the best short stories to incorporate different symbolic representations of determination and the will to live. I. Introduction II. Phoenix A. Definition B. Characteristics III. Natural symbolism A. Steep hill B. Thorns of bush IV. Perceived Racism A. Imagined cake B. White hunter V. Arrival in Natchez A. Nurses’ comments BRead MoreDecoding The Symbolism Used in A Worn Path by Eudora Welty1276 Words   |  6 PagesToday we will be talking about the different literary references used throughout Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path†. I will explain and decode different techniques used by the author throughout her story. The story is of an old southern African American woman, named Phoenix Jackson, making her way into to town to pick up her grandsons medication from the doctor’s office. But this is no normal old woman. She cannot see and is picking her way with a cane to make her way across a barrage of obstaclesRead MoreNever Give Up: a Character Analysis of Phoenix from Weltys A Worn Path977 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis of Phoenix from Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† By STUDENT NAME Professor NAME CLASS NAME DATE Outline Thesis statement: In â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty, Phoenix Jackson displays extraordinary perseverance in the face of difficulty, which ultimately allows her to accomplish her goal. I. Personal obstacles A. Body B. Mind II. Physical obstacles A. Nature B. Society Never Give Up: A Character Analysis of Phoenix from Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† AlthoughRead MoreA Worn Path: Struggle For Racial Equality Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesA Worn Path: Struggle for Racial Equality In A Worn Path, a short story by Eudora Welty, the main character, an old colored woman named Phoenix, slowly but surely makes her way down a worn path through the woods. Throughout her journey, she runs into many obstacles such as a thorny bush and a hunter. She overcomes these obstacles and continues with her travels. She finally reaches her destination, the doctor’s office, where she gets medicine for her sick grandson back home. Many critics haveRead MoreA Worn Path: Struggle for Racial Equality1550 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Worn Path†: Struggle for Racial Equality In â€Å"A Worn Path†, a short story by Eudora Welty, the main character, an old colored woman named Phoenix, slowly but surely makes her way down a â€Å"worn path† through the woods. Throughout her journey, she runs into many obstacles such as a thorny bush and a hunter. She overcomes these obstacles and continues with her travels. She finally reaches her destination, the doctor’s office, where she gets medicine for her sick grandson back home. Many critics haveRead MoreEudora Welty s A Worn Path956 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction James Saunders wrote an interesting article â€Å"’A Worn Path’ The Eternal Quest of Welty’s Phoenix Jackson† (The Southern Literary Journal 25.1, Fall 1992: p62-73.) that not only analyzed Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† (The Collected Works of Eudora Welty) from his perspective but also included the perspectives of other authors which makes his article an excellent source for interpretations of ‘A Worn Path’. Summary Saunders article summarizes Phoenix Jackson as a symbol of the ChristianRead MoreA Worn Path By Eudora Welty1707 Words   |  7 PagesFebruary 2016 A Worn Path In the Eudora Welty’s ‘‘A Worn Path’’, there is a distinct description of characters that live in the era of segregation and the great depression. Because Welty is a native of the south, this story is based from the experiences during her life. Her struggles are relived in the characters of not just â€Å"A Worn Path† but also a lot of her other stories. She uses hidden messages in her stories and includes deep meaning in the simplest of characters and instances. Welty’s use of theRead MoreA Worn Path By Eudora Welty944 Words   |  4 PagesWhat reaches would you go to in order to aid the ones you love? In â€Å"A Worn Path,† by Eudora Welty, the reader is taken on Phoenix Jackson’s, the main character’s, journey to the doctor’s office to obtain the medications needed for her ill grandson. Having to commute in such difficult conditions, Phoenix endures through the dense and tiresome woods, stretching from th e countryside to the town. After persevering through the long journey to her destination, Phoenix arrives at the building and receives

Literacy Development - 2585 Words

NAME: Keneisha Blair LECTURE: Ms. Palmer I.D#: SW9011/11 COURSE WORK #: 3 Emergent literacy According to May (1990, p. 59) emergent literacy is the process of learning. It is a product of children’s explorations with concepts and conventions about language with which they are familiar. Two Early Literacy behaviours in young children * Pretend reading * Scribbling Two activities that can be used to enhance and cater for pretend reading Young children imitate what they see adults do in society. On such thing is reading. Children will take up any form of literature and pretend that they are reading. To enhance and cater for this behaviour parents and teachers can: Activity 1 The teacher or parent should ensure†¦show more content†¦This is so because if students have to pause to decode words in each sentence then the reading will not be fluent. According to Balsiger, fluent readers have highly automatic word recognition, and the skills to sound out unfamiliar words; dysfluent readers make frequent mistakes, have poor word recognition, skip words, substitute similar-appearing words, and struggle with unfamiliar words. Reading speed refers to the rate at which pupils read. It should be noted that both children and adults vary their reading speed depending on how difficult the text is and its purpose. But, extremely slow or fast reading is often a characteristic of a dysfluent reader. Finally, prosody is the ability to orally read sentences expressively. This incorporates proper phrasing and intonation. Dowhower (1991, p. 166) stated that prosody is the ability to read in expressive rhythmic and melodic patterns. Kelly to give According to Sheakoski (2012), a strategy that can be used to improve fluency in reading is repeat reading. Students can increase fluency skills using the repeated reading strategy during which they read a short passage repeatedly. It should be noted that fluency is more than just pronouncing words correctly, it also encompasses the process of fully and smoothly conveying what the text is about. The ability to read fluently is a predictor of comprehension. This is mainly because the more fluently one reads the easier it is for him or herShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of Knowledge, Literacy, And Literacy1981 Words   |  8 PagesDigitization and literacy Most simply stated literacy is considered as the ability to read and write. However, with the development of knowledge, literacy became more complex, it evolved into a cognitive process which involves critical interpretation of information that are represented through spoken and written words. According to dr. Kirk Panneton, it is an important intellectual, cultural and electronic capability† (1). As the dr. Pannton’s view of literacy involves digital capabilities ofRead MoreLiteracy Skills And Development Of Literacy Training Programs907 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Literacy Many individuals in the United States are struggling with reading, writing, and comprehension. This is not only necessary for daily life in today’s world, but imperative on the healthcare front. â€Å"Health literacy continues to be a major problem despite public and private efforts at all levels to address the issue through testing of literacy skills and development of literacy training programs† (Bastable, 2014, p. 256). â€Å"By focusing on health literacy issues and working togetherRead MoreAdult Literacy and Community Development Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesMy vision in my work with VOC this year is to explore the intersection of adult literacy and community development. Through research, I hope to learn more about the connection between research and practice in writing for adult learners; through working with a community based organization I hope to deepen my knowledge and understanding of the impact and challenges of working in a literacy program and how this translates into overall goals of improving livelihoods and building a stronger communityRead MoreLiteracy Influences Child Development, Social Interaction And Development Of The Brain978 Words   |  4 PagesLiteracy influences child development, social interaction and the ability to overcome obstacles a positive aspect. If you are reading this, at some point in time someone, somewhere taught you to read. Literacy in small children can be very beneficial to the growth and development of the brain. â€Å"Decades of research prove that when young children are surrounded by literature-rich environments are spoken to and read to frequently, have the skills needed to start school and are appropriately supportedRead MoreDevelopment Of Quality Literacy Programs For Children And Parents1091 Words   |  5 Pagesin health, child development, and mental health. The main focus is on the development of infants and toddlers. The main goal of this organization is to guarantee that all ba bies and toddlers are given a strong start in life. Promoting an understanding about key issues that affect young children and their families. Key issues include infant mental health, child care, early language and literacy development, early intervention and the impact culture has on early childhood development (About Us, 2016)Read MoreTwo Theories of Literacy Development1395 Words   |  6 PagesIn this task I am going to identify 2 different theories of language development I am going to be doing, Naom Chomsky and Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget According to Piaget, language development is related to cognitive development, that is, the development of the child’s thinking determines when the child can learn to speak and what the child can say. For example, before a child can say, â€Å"This teddy is smaller than that one†, she/he must have developed the ability to judge differences in size.Read MoreLanguage and Literacy Development1014 Words   |  5 PagesRUNNGHEAD: LANGUAGE AND LITERACY DEVELOPMENT ESSAY Language and Literacy Development Essay Alma J. Bosket Early Literacy Development (O101) -ECH-425 Dr. Leah Barley July 21, 2013 Language and Literacy Essay The achievement of oral language is a normal development for the performance of most children. The child’s (ren) understanding to communicate will began to increase with ageRead MoreDevelopment Of Literacy For Students902 Words   |  4 PagesThe development of literacy for students in pre-K through 1st grade all need a basic understanding of letter recognition, knowing phonics, and the difference between vowel sounds when they are long and short. Once these skills are established progression will be made with the introduction of diphthongs and blends. Ways that allow students to learn these basics without losing interest with posters and reads alouds is incorporating interactive videos such as LeapFrog where it draws the students inRead MoreReflection On The Literacy Development1791 Words   |  8 Pages Reflections As future educators, it is important that we understand and become consciously aware that phonological awareness is an essential aspect of the emergent literacy development. The comprehension of phonological awareness is critical for learning to read any alphabetic writing system. For this assignment, we chose to implement a word awareness, rhyming, and alliteration activity in our typically developing service learning classes. Also, we incorporated phonics throughout these activitiesRead MoreChildrens Emergent Literacy Development1395 Words   |  6 Pagessignificantly impacts a child’s emergent literacy development. (Senechal, Lefevre, Thomas , Daley, 1996; Sawyer, et al., 2014; Sà ©nà ©chal LeFevre, 2002; Senechal LaFevre, 2014). HLE is defined by the â€Å"frequency of storybook reading and literacy teaching during book reading† (Sawyer, et al., 2014, p. 65). Sà ©nà ©chal LeFevre (2002 2014) conducted a study to prove that a positive and helpful HLE aid s in children’s emergent literacy. The Home Literacy Model used proved the original hypothesis

Assisted Suicide - Introduction - 1878 Words

Introduction/Rationale No person is entitled to consent to have death inflicted on him, and such consent does not affect the criminal responsibility of any person by whom death may be inflicted on the person by whom consent is given.†, this is according to the Indiana Code of Criminal Law and Procedure. In ancient days, assisted suicide was frequently seen as a way to preserve one’s honor. For the past twenty-five years, on the other hand, the practice has been viewed as a response to the progress of modern medicine. New and often expensive medical technologies have been developed that prolong life. However, the technologies also prolong the dying processes, leading some people to question whether modern medicine is forcing†¦show more content†¦The other person simply helps for example, providing the means for carrying out the action. In the US, only the State of Oregon permits assisted suicide or physician-assisted suicide. The Oregon Death with Dignity Act allows terminally ill state residents to receive prescriptions for self-administered lethal medications from their physicians. It does not permit euthanasia, in which a physician or other person directly administers a medication to a patient in order to end his or her life. The Oregon law allows adults with terminal diseases who are likely to die within 6 months to obtain lethal doses of drugs from their doctors. A relatively very small number of people sought lethal drugs under the law and even fewer people who actually used them. Many patients have said that what they want most is a choice about how their lives will end, a finger on the remote control, as it were. Like for instance, the case of Diane, one of the patients of Dr. Timothy Quill. She was diagnosed with acute myelomonocytic leukemia and she was under Dr. Quill for a period of 8 years. Dr. Quill informed her of the diagnosis, and of the possible treatments. The series of treatments include multiple sessions of chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant, accompanied by an array of ancillaryShow MoreRelatedAssisted Suicide - Introduction to Ethics Social Responsibility2678 Words   |  11 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide Brandon Tucky SOC120: Introduction to Ethics amp; Social Responsibility Carrie Quiza April 27, 2012 Physician Assisted Suicide Physician assisted suicide has been an ethically intense subject to many people for decades. The U.S. sees this as an illegal and immoral way to end one’s life while many other countries find it is perfectly legal and moral. The determination of its true standing is one that will probably take many more decades to fully understand. Read MoreAssisted Suicide - Introduction1887 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction/Rationale No person is entitled to consent to have death inflicted on him, and such consent does not affect the criminal responsibility of any person by whom death may be inflicted on the person by whom consent is given.†, this is according to the Indiana Code of Criminal Law and Procedure. In ancient days, assisted suicide was frequently seen as a way to preserve one’s honor. For the past twenty-five years, on the other hand, the practice has been viewed as a response to the progressRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide. Introduction.1672 Words   |  7 Pages Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide Introduction Euthanasia is when a patient suffering from a disease that cannot be cured is helped to die in a painless manner. Doctors help in such cases to kill patients without feeling much pain. 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Securities and Investments Commission v Citigroup Global Markets

Question: Discuss about the Securities and Investments Commission v Citigroup Global Markets. Answer: Introduction Citigroup Global Market is a financial services company operating in Australia and carries out its business in circa 100 countries. It is the defendant in the proceedings of Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Citigroup Global Markets Australia Pty Ltd (Citigroup). Citigroup Inc. participates on various businesses in Australia. For example, it participates in the Corporate and Investment Bank (CIB), which is a company known internally. In turn, CIB has many operating divisions such as the Investment Banking Division (IBD) and Equities, among many others. The IBD delivers advisory and investment banking services. Equities, on the other hand, engage in proprietary security trading (Liptak Goldstein, 2016). The issue in the ASIC v Citigroup, therefore, is how the association between a customer and the investment bank came under an equitable microscope. The bank was giving advisory services based on a planned purchasing bid to this client. However, the primary question in the case is if the letter of engagement for retaining a bank by a great public organization to talk about the takeover bid left out the presence of any fiduciary association between the bank and its customers (Black, Mills Cox, 2007). Following the issue in this proceeding, this paper begins with an overview of the ASIC v Citigroup case, outlines the breached duties, and goes on to look into some more details of the Court's decision and the reasons for it given the Corporation Act. Background of the Case On August 8, 2005, the Investment Banking Division got reserved by a subsidiary of an Australia firm known as Toll Holdings Limited (Toll) to be able to offer banking and commercial services. These services were to take place in connection with proposed takeover of another listed company known as Patrick Corporation Limited by Toll Holdings. Toll wanted to use Patrick as means through which it can use to access ports logistic market. It was a significant transaction that traded at AUD 4.5 billion. The parties that got involved were highly sophisticated. In response to these services, Toll selected two venture banks to provide it with advice in connection with the bid. One of the banks was Citigroup while the other one was the Carnegie Co Pty Limited. According to the terms of retainer execution done on 8th August, the charges for the fruitful completion of the purchase from the Citigroup IBD were likely to range between AUD 10 to 18 Million. On the other hand, Equities and IBD of the Citigroup divisions got detached by the precise data and other obstacles recognized in the commercial segment as the Chinese walls (Kennedy, 2009). Those staffs who got employed on the IBD side were working in the private department of the Chinese walls due to being routinely possessing a secret sensitive information concerning securities such as information about the intentions of Toll in connection to Patrick. Additionally, those employees who were operating in the public department of the wall were in the Equities division. The main reason for the Chinese wall was to prevent Citigroup from breaching the rules regarded as insider trading laws in Australia, by doing business with the Equities section of the Patrick shares through the IBD department. Such activity was considered as private information about Patrick. On Friday 19th August 2005, a trader in Citigroup's equities section obtained a huge part of Patrick's share. Nobody suggested that, when he purchased the shares, the buyer already had information about the proposed bid of Toll on behalf Patrick. Instead, the buyer appears to have been following how the price was moving in relation to Patricks price. The trader's response to the movements of the price reflected broad market assumption concerning the possibility of Patrick as the topic of a purchaser. When it reaches mid-day of the same day, the broker had already had a long, considerable share in Patrick. On the other hand, Patrick's value had reasonably appreciated. At 3.30pm, somebody who was guiding the broker called him aside and discussed with him shortly telling him to stop purchasing the shares of Patrick. After that discussion, the dealer went back in the dealing and put on sale some of his positions. As the events unfold, the bid that Toll had for Patrick got announced on subsequent following business day, in this case, on Monday 22 August 2005. Otherwise, under standard practice, Toll trading in Patrick shares bid got inspected by the investigation department of the Australian Security Exchange Limited, in which they witnessed the exchange on which the bid got listed (Standen Angus-Smith, 2009, p.607). The Australia Security Exchange checked whether there was a likelihood of any insider trading in Patrick by the Citigroup. After that, they forwarded the concern to ASIC for further investigation. ASIC started its investigations touching Citigroup towards the end of 2005 but completed early 2006. ASIC began the trials touching Citigroup in 2006. Duties and Responsibilities Breached Though the ASIC did not claim that Equities Trading was aware of the insider information as it was buying the shares, its stand was that; the Citigroup as Tolls advisor was in a fiduciary affiliation in one way or the other (Benard, 2007). ASIC alleged that it breached its fiduciary duty when it purchased shares in Patrick, thus contravened its responsibilities under 912A(1) provision of the Corporations Act. Moreover, Citigroup violated the rules of section 12DA of the ASIC Act together with Section 1043 of the Corporation Act. These sections prohibit false and deceiving behavior referred as Fiduciary Claim (Hanrahan, n.d.). The further allegation was that Citigroup contravened the insider trading laws that are in section 1043A of the Corporation Act. First, the Equities Trading had an assumption that alleged that Citigroup was representing Toll in the anticipated buyout of Patrick (Hastings Marjoribanks, 2012, p.544). This assumption came out due to what ET heard after Investment Bank realized the potential conflict (Citigroup Inc. 2008). On the other hand, ASIC suspected that this assumption composed of information in the definition of 'Division 3 financial products under section 1042A of the Corporative Act. It got argued that the sale of the 200,000 shares had constituted insider business by Citigroup, thus making it the first Insider Trading Claim (Hastings Marjoribanks, 2012, p.542). It was also because the ASIC realized the challenges in the second claim that Chinese Walls Citigroup had in place. ASIC allegation was that, because the senior IB staff had the knowledge about a substantial likelihood that Toll was going to launch its tender, that acquaintance was accredited to the entire Citigroup. Therefore, ASIC suspected Citigroup to have engaged in insider trading since its shares got purchased by the Citigroups Equities division, thus making the allegation to be additional Insider Trading Claim. Decision of the Court According to the Federal Court of Australia on Thursday 28 June 2007 about ASIC v. Citigroup case, was that Citigroup did not take part in insider trading and did not contravene the conflict of interest laws according to the Corporations Act (Jacobson, 2007; 'Australia Banking' 2015, p.104). It found that Citigroup did not contravene its responsibilities under s 1043A, s 1043H and s 912A(1)(aa) of the Corporations Act and s 12DA of the ASIC Act. Therefore, the Court dismisses the claims by ASIC about Citigroups breach of duties. The first Insider Trading Claim failed. This claim could only do well if the trading employee possessed the insider information and attributed his knowledge to the company. According to section 1042G(1)(a), the awareness of the staff got not associated to the enterprise unless the employee was an officer defined by section 9 of the law (Jacobson, 2007). Therefore, the Court did not come to an agreement with ASIC because the employee in question was not an officer of Citigroup (Seeto, 2008). According to the Act, an officer was a person with a senior role in management, unlike the employee in the ASIC v Citigroup case. Moreover, the Court found that the employee did not make the supposition of the takeover bid according to what ASIC claimed that Citigroup acted in place of Toll regarding Patrick's acquisition. The second Insider Trading Claim also did not succeed. According to the Courts findings, Citigroup adhered to section 1043F of the Act. It proved to the Court that it had put in place some compliance arrangements. It raised the Chinese Wall Defense in a satisfactory manner (Jacobson, 2007). It implies that the Company complied as it would be anticipated to make sure that the price sensitive data according to IB got not revealed to the Public Side employees or communicated with ET (Lumsden Bridgen, 2007, p.37). Besides, the choice to buy shares came from a person rather than the individuals who held the information and no communication of it concerning the purchase got given by IB (Seeto, 2008). The Fiduciary Claim also failed right at the beginning. This finding was so, because, the letter of engagement did not involve the existence of the fiduciary association. According to the Court, the Corporation Act did not hinder the bank from having a fiduciary duty when it started its connection with its clients (07-171 Decision, 2007; 'Australia Banking' 2015, p.62). In addition to these findings, there were also compliance implications regarding the Chinese walls, written policies and procedures for training, and the escalation procedures. In relation to the issue of the Chinese Walls, the verdict was that the arrangements to fulfill the law did not call for total perfection. Instead, it needed only the necessary steps. As a result, it came up with the following steps for an efficient Chinese wall: departments physical separation, educational programs, crossing the wall, observation from acquiescence officers, and finally the corrective sanctions. Besides, the Court found that Citigroup had its procedures in place (Citigroup Inc. 2007). For example, the company called for the IB not to spread the material information that is not meant for the public to the ET without having the right individuals to assess the informations materiality. In addition to that, Citigroup had a precise escalation policy to help IB advice the necessary people of the pot ential conflict. However, Jacobsons decision does not alter the people's recognition of the right stand of how banks that do investment provide advisory services to its customers. Nonetheless, the findings are meant to be of significance to everyone including the corporate advisers. For example, the decision allows likeness on the fiduciary obligations and how they are related to the other unbiased and entrepreneurial law requirements such as the requirement of good faith and confidence (Batten Pearson, 2013, p.520; Benard, 2007). If the Honours decision had been otherwise, the international investment banking communitys concerns that the Australian controller had distressed many entities by merging consulting businesses with those of equities trading could also get noticed ('Australia Banking' 2015, p.84). Rather, Jacobsons findings have proven that his act is not forbidden by equity, as long as the banks and the customers association with that of the company of the conglomerates business kowtows t o some particular convictions. Conclusion Therefore, the case ASIC v Citigroup is relevant to advisers and Australias commercial services regulation. When the case against Citigroup started, it appears as if ASIC did not care about protecting Toll's interests. If it wanted to protest about the copyrighted trading of Citigroup in the shares of Patrick, Toll would presumably do so on its own due to the sufficient resources. In fact, the Courts judgment shows that Toll did not have any complaint to present to Court. The CFO of Toll revealed that Toll comprehended that Citigroup would take part in copyrighted trading without opposition so long as the company did not employ Tolls private data wrongfully. Thus, it illustrates that according to the provisions of the insider trading; an adequate compliance system is relevant since it can help a company and its members from being held liable for a claim. Aside from that, the fact that Chinese Walls restrain the information from flowing between different divisions in a company, an org anization can avoid damaging its reputation and substantial fines if it complies with to the requirements of the Chinese wall. References 07-171 Decision in ASIC v Citigroup | ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. (2007). Asic.gov.au. Retrieved 6 January 2017, from https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2007-releases/07-171-decision-in-asic-v-citigroup/ 'AUSTRALIA BANKING' 2015, Acquisdata Industry Snapshots: Australia Banking, 3601, pp. 1-87. 'AUSTRALIA BANKING' 2016, Acquisdata Industry Snapshots: Australia Banking, 6604, pp. 1-108. Batten, R, Pearson, G 2013, 'Financial Advice In Australia: Principles To Proscription; Managing To Banning,' St. John's Law Review, 87, 2/3, pp. 511-559. Benard, M. (2007). McCabe, Bernard --- "ASIC v Citigroup and fiduciary obligations" [2007] BondCGeJl 5; (2007) Corporate Governance eJournal (Bond). [online] Austlii.edu.au. Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ElderLRev/2007/5.html [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017]. Black, A, Mills, K, Cox, B 2007, 'A big win for banks,' International Financial Law Review, 26, 9, p. 12. Citigroup Inc. (2007). Mergent's Dividend Achievers, 4(4), pp.60. Citigroup Inc. (2008). Mergent's Dividend Achievers, 5(2), pp.60. Hanrahan, P. (n.d.). ASIC v Citigroup: Investment banks, conflicts of interest, and Chinese walls. 1st ed. [ebook] unimelb.edu, pp.1 - 25. Available at: https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/1709837/67-Hanrahan_-_ASIC_v_Citigroup1.pdf [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017]. Hastings, L, Marjoribanks, G 2012, 'Tough on crime -- insider trading enforcement and its relevance to you,' Keeping Good Companies (14447614), 64, 9, pp. 542-544. Jacobson, J. (2007). Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Citigroup Global Markets. Australia Pty Limited (ACN 113 114 832) 2007 (pp. 1-130). Sydney. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/pdf/ASICvCitigroup.pdf Kennedy, C 2009, 'ASIC holds Citigroup to account for credit products,' Money Management, 23, 46, p. 4. Liptak, A, Goldstein, M 2016, 'Supreme Court Sides With Prosecutors in an Insider Trading Case,' New York Times. Lumsden, A, Bridges, V 2007, 'Chinese Walls Lessons from the Citigroup case,' In finance, 121, 4, pp. 36-38. Seeto, G. (2008). ASIC v Citigroup - The compliance implications - Knowledge - Clayton Utz. Claytonutz.com. Retrieved 6 January 2017, from https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2008/january/asic-v-citigroup-the-compliance-implications Standen, M, Angus-Smith, R 2009, 'ASX and ASIC -- the changing of the guard,' Keeping Good Companies (14447614), 61, 10, pp. 606-608.

Psyschology Study On Drinking Essays - Stress, Human Behavior

Psyschology Study on Drinking Abstract In response to the need for research that incorporates multiple aspects of theory into a testable framework, this study attempted to replicate and extend the results of Cooper, Russell, Skinner, Frone, and Mudar (1992). A modified stressor vulnerability model of stress-related drinking was tested in a homogeneous sample of 65 male and female undergraduate student drinkers. Total weekly consumption of alcohol was used as the criterion measure, whereas family history of alcoholism (Adapted SMAST: Sher & Descutner, 1986), alcohol outcome expectancies/valences (CEOA: Fromme, Stroot, & Kaplan, 1993), perceived stress (PSS: Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983), and coping dispositions (COPE: Carver, Scheier, The proposed modified model postulates that expectancies play a proximal mediating role in stress-related drinking, whereas gender, family history of alcoholism, and coping all play a distal moderating role. Hierarchical multiple regression procedures were then performed to evaluate the model. The results failed to support the hypothesized model. Specifically, expectancies emerged as a distal rather than proximal predictor of stress-related drinking, and family history of alcoholism did not moderate stress-related drinking. In contrast, gender and coping styles emerged as the most powerful predictors in the model. Despite the shortcomings of the proposed model, the present results offer an alternative interpretation as to what constitutes the stressor vulnerability model of stress-related drinking. Introduction Stress as a Causal Factor in Drinking One of the common stereotypes about the effects of alcohol involves the drug's capacity to act as a stress antagonist. Conger (1956) has proposed a theory, known as the tension reduction hypothesis (TRH) of drinking, to support this notion. Essentially the theory holds that alcohol's sedative action on the central nervous system serves to reduce tension, and because tension reduction is reinforcing, people drink to escape it (Marlatt Strong evidence to support the validity of the theory comes from epidemiological findings which indicate that the prevalence of anxiety disorders in alcoholics ranges from 16 to 37%, compared to a rate of only 4-5% in the general population (Welte, 1985). Notwithstanding, there seems to be a subset of people for whom the predictions of the TRH do not hold. For instance, in a study conducted by Conway, Vickers, Ward, and Rahe (1981) it was found that the consumption of alcohol among Navy officers during periods of high job demands was actually lower than the consumption during low-demand periods. In addition, other studies (i.e., Mayfield, 1968; Mendlson, Ladou, & Soloman, 1964) have shown that some drinkers actually consider alcohol as a tension generator rather than a tension reducer. Overall, when taking into account these conflicting findings, it seems prudent to find some middle ground. The solution to this problem than is a modified version of the TRH, specifying the conditions under which stress will lead to an increase in drinking. Moderating and Mediating Factors in Stress Induced Drinking In addition to stress, several other variables have been shown to be crucial in determining an individual's drinking behavior. These variables include gender of drinker (gender), coping behavior of drinker (coping), and alcohol outcome expectancies of drinker (expectancies). In the following discussion, the importance of each of these variables to drinking will be considered first, followed by an evaluation of these as potential moderators or mediators of stress in drinking. 1 Differential Gender Drinking Behavior It has been repeatedly demonstrated that significant differences exist between the drinking patterns of men and women (Hilton, 1988). In a comprehensive survey of US drinking habits conducted by the US National Center for Health Statistics in 1988, significant gender differences were found in three areas as pointed out by Dawson and Archer (1992). The first significant difference pertained to the number of male and female current drinkers. Roughly 64% of all men were current drinkers in comparison to 41% of all women. The second and third significant differences concerned the quantity of alcohol consumed. Men were more likely to (a) consume alcohol on a daily basis and (b) be classified as heavy drinkers. Men's daily average of ethanol intake (17.5 grams per day) was almost twice as high as women's (8.9 grams per day). Even when an adjustment for body weight was made